HISTORY
LECTURE 2
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
1) Common features of IVC are Sysematic town planning, use of brunt bricks in construction, underground drainage system , fortified citadel.
2) Main crops are Wheat, Barely, Rice, Dates, Mustard, Sesamum, Cotton (People of IVC were first in the world to produce cotton.)
3) Animals known to them are Sheep, Goat, Humped and Humpless Bull, Buffalo, Boar, Dog, Cat, Pig, Fowl, Deer, Tortoise, Elephant, Camel, Rhinoceros and Tiger were known to them ( Most of them were depicted on the seals) while of Cow and Lion are the animal which are not known to them and came in existence afterwards.
4) There were foreign trade with Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Bahrain (It means both the civilization were contemporary to the IVC)
5) Iron was the only metal not known to the IVC.
6) Sumerian or Mesopotamian text refers IVC as 'Meluha'
7) Barter system was common mode for exchange of goods. There is no evidence of Coins
8) In case of polity it was observed that Merchants were the ruling authority.
9) There is evidence or excavation of temples, so it can be concluded that Harappan people did not worshiped their gods in temples but idea of their religion is formed from the statues and figurines found.
10) Pahsupati Mahadev was considered as the god of Animals represented by Proto-Shiva figure sitting in the yogic posture and is surrounded by 6 animals (Elephant, tiger, rhino and buffalo surrounding him while two deer appear a his feet).
11) Humpless bull is represented in most of Indus Seals
12) Complete burial of the dead was common in North South direction i.e. head toward North.
13) Majority of the scholars believe that Dravidian were the maker of civilization.
14) Other contemporary civilization were Mesopotamian along river Tigris, China along river (Hwang Ho i.e. Yellow river) and Egypt along river Nile.
15) Script of IVC was Boustrophedon type and still undecipherable but most of letters represented fish.
16) Possible reasons for decline of the IVC were thought to be by Aryan Invasion, Floods, Earthquake or Fire.
LECTURE 2
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
1) Common features of IVC are Sysematic town planning, use of brunt bricks in construction, underground drainage system , fortified citadel.
2) Main crops are Wheat, Barely, Rice, Dates, Mustard, Sesamum, Cotton (People of IVC were first in the world to produce cotton.)
3) Animals known to them are Sheep, Goat, Humped and Humpless Bull, Buffalo, Boar, Dog, Cat, Pig, Fowl, Deer, Tortoise, Elephant, Camel, Rhinoceros and Tiger were known to them ( Most of them were depicted on the seals) while of Cow and Lion are the animal which are not known to them and came in existence afterwards.
4) There were foreign trade with Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Bahrain (It means both the civilization were contemporary to the IVC)
5) Iron was the only metal not known to the IVC.
6) Sumerian or Mesopotamian text refers IVC as 'Meluha'
7) Barter system was common mode for exchange of goods. There is no evidence of Coins
8) In case of polity it was observed that Merchants were the ruling authority.
9) There is evidence or excavation of temples, so it can be concluded that Harappan people did not worshiped their gods in temples but idea of their religion is formed from the statues and figurines found.
10) Pahsupati Mahadev was considered as the god of Animals represented by Proto-Shiva figure sitting in the yogic posture and is surrounded by 6 animals (Elephant, tiger, rhino and buffalo surrounding him while two deer appear a his feet).
11) Humpless bull is represented in most of Indus Seals
12) Complete burial of the dead was common in North South direction i.e. head toward North.
13) Majority of the scholars believe that Dravidian were the maker of civilization.
14) Other contemporary civilization were Mesopotamian along river Tigris, China along river (Hwang Ho i.e. Yellow river) and Egypt along river Nile.
15) Script of IVC was Boustrophedon type and still undecipherable but most of letters represented fish.
16) Possible reasons for decline of the IVC were thought to be by Aryan Invasion, Floods, Earthquake or Fire.
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