HISTORY
LECTURE 1
                                             INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (2500BC-1750BC) 

1) Indus Valley Civilization was one of the oldest and advanced civilizations in the world. It named so because for the first time the settlement was found near the bank of river Indus (Note: The most of the settlement were around the river Saraswati so it is better to name the civilzation as Saraswati -Indus Civilzation) the Saraswati river was the main axis of civilization.
2) The dimensions of the IVC are: North (Manda in Jammu), South (Daimabad Maharashtra), East (Alamgirpur in Western UP), and West ( Suktagendor on Pakistan-Iran border).
3) For the first time the term Indus Valley Civilization was used by John Marshall.
4) Most Important port city of the civilization was Lothal (In Gujrat).

Clay Figure of Mother Goddess

5) Harappa  (Pakistan) was the first site in the civilization excavated by Daya Ram Sahani in 1921 it was located on the river Ravi.
     Important Archaeological Findings at Harappa
     a) 6 Granaries in row ( it is thinked that this was the place for the storage of Grains).
     b) Clay Figurine of Mother Goddess. (Female Deity)

     c) Copper made mirror and Dice (Dice shows that the were fond of the dice game)
6) Mohenjodaro  (Pakistan) was the second site (but the largest among all sites) to be excavated after Harappa by Sh. R.D. Banerjee in year 1927  located on Indus river.
     Important Archaeological Findings at Mohenjodaro
a) Great Bath, Great Grainery (It is important for students to note that Great Grainery is the Largest  building of civilization not the Great Bath)
b) Pashupati Mahadev seal (It shows that the people of IVC were worshipped this male deity)

Pashupati Mahadev

c) Bronze image of nude women dancer, Steatite image of beared man, Human skeleton huddled together, Clay figurine of mother goddess.
d) Fragment of woven cotton
7) Chanhudaro It was the city without citadel an Inkpot was found there, indicate that the were also had writing skills , Imprint of dog's paw on a brick shows that the dog was known to them.
8) Lothal was the port city and had a dockyard for the parking of ships. Here seals of Mesopotamia civilization were found shows that the people had trade with them. Remains of Rice husk were also found ( Its obvious as being the port city the region was full of water). Double burial was observed there (burring of male and female together).
9) Kalibanga:-  Ploughed field was found here showing the the people were known to agriculture.
Camel bones were also found indicates that the animal was known to them.
10) Dholavira this was the island city of the whole civilzation ( largest Indian site) and had a unique water harvesting system. It is the only site that was divided into 3 parts. A large Stadium was also excavated.
11) Surkotada was the site where the remains of horse were found.

To be Continued....
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